Ask Liz Weston

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estate planning attorney

Q&A: How to find an estate planning attorney

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Dear Liz: Is there a specific website to research estate planning attorneys in Southern California? Our attorney has retired and I elected not to have my file transferred to her successor attorney. Our trust documents are only six years old and there have been no material changes to our financial situation or beneficiaries.

Answer: The internet is overloaded with lawyer directories of limited value. Either the sites themselves are questionable or they return so many options that choosing feels like an impossible task.

So the best way to find a good estate planning attorney is the old school way: word of mouth. If you have a CPA or other financial professional, ask who they recommend. Know any lawyers? Check with them. Friends, relatives and neighbors also may be able to offer referrals.

Once you have a few names, the internet becomes a bit more helpful. The state bar of California offers an attorney search function that allows you to confirm the attorney’s license status, education and any disciplinary history. The attorney’s website can also provide information about their background, experience and approach.

Since estate planning is a complex area, you’ll want an attorney who specializes rather than dabbles. Ideally, estate planning is their sole or primary focus, not an add-on to other areas of practice. For more complex needs, you can consider seeking out an attorney who is certified by the California State Bar as an estate planning, trust and probate law specialist. If you need help with issues around aging, such as Medicaid planning, long-term care or protection against exploitation, consider seeking the help of an elder law attorney. You can get referrals from the National Academy of Elder Law Attorneys at www.naela.org.

Q&A: How can a family break a dynasty trust?

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Dear Liz: My mother recently died at the age of 93. My sisters and I are her beneficiaries, and all of us are in our 60s. Unbeknownst to us, one of her assets is a “dynasty trust,” established in 1964, that can only be used for “care” and “education.” The lawyer never told us this and we could have used the trust to pay for her assisted-living care, all of our college education costs, and the college education costs of our children.

According to the trust, the restrictions don’t end until 21 years after our deaths. Two of us have two children each, and one sister has no children. None of the grandchildren plan to have children of their own. With these terms, and assuming we live into our early 90s, the grandkids will be in their late 70s before they can access these funds. Is it possible to “break” this trust so that we can make use of these funds while we are all alive and able to use the funds effectively?

Answer: Dynasty trusts are designed to pass wealth down through multiple generations. They’re irrevocable, which means the person who created the trust gives up control of the assets.

That doesn’t mean the trust can’t be changed, says Los Angeles estate planning attorney Burton Mitchell. He recommends getting a complete copy of the trust and asking an experienced trust and estate attorney to read it. The trust may include language allowing an early termination. If this is truly a dynasty trust, “back doors” to allow changes are usually built in, Mitchell says.

If not, there may be a way to terminate or modify the trust by agreement of the beneficiaries.

If all else fails, you may be able to go to court to modify the trust provisions based on changed circumstances, provided all beneficiaries agree, Mitchell says.

Q&A: How to handle cash savings of deceased parents

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Dear Liz: My mother passed away a little over a year ago, and my father about 18 months prior to her. I discovered that my parents saved up quite a lot of cash (in the six figures), and I’m afraid to deposit it without triggering the IRS. My parents routinely saved anywhere from $5,000 to up to $20,000 per year for the last 30 years. I read my mom’s handwriting on the envelopes with the dates. How can I deposit all this without triggering the IRS? Some of the bills are “vintage” so I will keep them to see if they’re worth more than face value. I also thought about using it to buy real estate.

Answer: You mention “triggering the IRS” as if your deposit might set off an explosion of audit notices and tax liens. In reality, you’re far more likely to cause yourself grief by trying to avoid IRS notice than you are by simply depositing the money.

Banks report large cash deposits — typically those of $10,000 or more — to the IRS as a way to combat money laundering. Anti-money-laundering rules also have been extended to real estate deals. Banks are looking for smaller deposits that could add up to more than $10,000, so don’t think spreading out the deposits will help you avoid scrutiny.

“Depositing the money all at once would probably arouse less suspicion with the bank than making a continuing series of deposits just under $10,000,” says Mark Luscombe, principal analyst for Wolters Kluwer Tax & Accounting.

Luscombe suggests retaining all those envelopes with your mother’s handwriting. If you are questioned by your bank or the IRS, the envelopes could help show your parents were gradually saving the money over time rather than engaging in some money-raising scheme on which taxes were never paid.

You didn’t mention if your parents had wills or other estate documents, or if there are other beneficiaries. Consult with an estate planning attorney to see if the cash needs to be deposited in the name of your mother’s estate.

Jennifer Sawday, an estate planning attorney in Long Beach, Calif., recommends going in person to your bank to ask for an appointment to make a large cash deposit. Ideally, you can discuss the situation and disclose the source of the funds in a private office, where you can’t be overheard. Ask if the bank can hire an armored courier to pick you up at your home to reduce the chance you’ll be robbed en route, Sawday suggests.

Please don’t delay, since theft isn’t the only concern. Cash also can be lost to fire, floods and other disasters. (One can only imagine how many bank-averse people lost cash in the recent Los Angeles fires.) Plus, cash tends to lose value over time thanks to inflation–the vast majority of “vintage” bills are worth much less than when they were printed. You’ll want to at least start earning some interest on the money, and perhaps put it to work in other investments.

Q&A: Navigating the Risks of 401(k)s, IRAs, and Payable-on-Death Accounts

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Dear Liz: You recently wrote about the drawbacks of payable on death accounts, including that the funds go directly to the beneficiaries before the estate’s expenses are paid. Aren’t all 401(k)s payable on death? I’m often reminded to update my beneficiary info whenever I log into my account. Should 401(k)s be converted to IRAs once we leave our jobs when we retire? At least one of my 401(k) accounts from a previous job is still in that company’s plan, as it is a very good plan. Can we designate that certain expenses be paid from the accounts before our beneficiaries receive their inheritance?

Answer: Retirement accounts, including 401(k)s and IRAs, typically have named beneficiaries that will inherit the money directly. That means retirement accounts have the same potential drawback as payable-on-death bank accounts or transfer-on-death arrangements. If you have no other assets when you die, the person who settles your estate may have to appeal to these beneficiaries to return some of the money to pay your final bills. The beneficiaries usually would be under no obligation to cooperate, however.

You could name your estate as your beneficiary, but that could have some tax drawbacks so you should consult an attorney before doing so.

Q&A: How do I find an estate planning attorney I can afford?

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Dear Liz: The question from the couple who wanted to leave a home to their four children hit home with me. I’m in the same boat but with only two kids. How do I go about finding an estate planning attorney that I can trust and also afford?

Answer: Start by asking for recommendations from friends, family and any financial professionals you trust. If you already have a CPA, for example, chances are they can refer you to a good estate planning attorney in your area. Consider interviewing a few candidates to make sure they handle situations similar to yours.

If you’re trying to keep costs down, consider the attorney’s overhead. Fancy buildings in expensive areas may impress, but you can find competent attorneys in less ornate offices, perhaps in suburbs or smaller towns, who charge less.

Q&A: A sticky inheritance scenario

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Dear Liz: I have an adult daughter by a previous marriage who has no savings or retirement funds. I want to change my living trust to ensure that my daughter only receives a monthly amount similar to my required minimum distribution from my IRA, plus half of our paid-off house after my wife and I pass away. Do I need a trust attorney?

Answer: Restricting access to an inheritance might be necessary, but few adults would be happy about being put on an allowance. Unhappy heirs may be more likely to challenge an estate plan, so you should get expert advice if you want your wishes to prevail.

Even if your daughter is amenable, you still need an estate planning attorney’s help to craft the trust that doles out the money. Understand that inherited IRAs typically must be drained within 10 years. (The exceptions are for surviving spouses, minor children, the disabled or chronically ill or survivors who are not more than 10 years younger than the account owner.) If the beneficiary is a trust, the distributions don’t have to be paid out to your daughter, but any amount retained by the trust will typically be taxed at a higher rate. Plus, you’ll have to find someone to manage the trust, notes Burton Mitchell, a Los Angeles estate planning attorney. Who you select to be the trustee is critically important, as they will have to deal with your daughter for the rest of her life, Mitchell says.

Also, you may need to reconsider how you own your house if you want to ensure half goes to your daughter. Typically couples own property jointly, so that the survivor inherits automatically. If you want to bequeath your half of the property to someone other than your spouse, you may need to change the ownership structure to tenants in common. You’ll need to think this through carefully, since such a change would have legal, tax and practical implications that you’ll want an attorney to thoroughly explain. For example, if your spouse dies before you, she could leave her house to someone other than you, Mitchell notes. The house could be sold and you might need to find somewhere else to live. Conversely, if you die first, your wife could be forced to move if your daughter insisted on selling the house.

In other words, achieving what you want may be a lot more complicated and have more repercussions than you currently imagine. Talking with an experienced estate planning attorney can help you better understand your options.