Liz Weston

Q&A: Don’t leave your finances on automatic

June 22, 2026 By Liz Weston Leave a Comment

Dear Liz: During the 2024 open enrollment period for Medicare, your column mentioned that Part D enrollees’ out-of-pocket payments in 2025 would be limited to $2,000, but only for covered prescriptions. That spurred me to be sure my prescription drug plan covered the one brand name drug I take. It didn’t and I found the only plan in my area that does just in time before the open enrollment period ended.

More recently, I learned from your column that I can pay Medicare premiums from my health savings account. Like many HSA participants, I have been letting my contributions accumulate for later-in-life medical expenses. But now that my husband and I are investigating moving into a continuing care retirement community, it helps to know that we have the option of paying Medicare premiums this way and have more money left over each month after we pay the monthly fee.

Answer: Thanks for sharing those experiences!

It can be easy to leave our finances on automatic, but there are at least two areas where it’s important to shop every year: health insurance and auto insurance. Health insurers constantly change their formularies, or list of covered drugs, as well as what tier a drug might be assigned to. A prescription you get cheaply this year could be more expensive next year or not covered at all. Auto insurers, meanwhile, tend to raise rates on loyal customers because they know many people will stay put out of inertia.

It’s also important to have a plan to eventually spend HSA funds before you die. A spouse can inherit an HSA and retain its tax advantages, but the account becomes taxable if anyone else inherits it.

Q&A: Will Taking Social Security at 62 Affect Your Spousal or Survivor Benefit?

June 22, 2026 By Liz Weston Leave a Comment

Dear Liz: I am a teacher, retiring this June. I have my teacher’s pension and will receive a small Social Security benefit as well. I am married and my husband’s Social Security benefits are far greater than mine. Should I start drawing on my Social Security benefits next year when I turn 62, assuming when my husband starts drawing on his when he turns 70 in seven years I will then get a higher benefit? Is there any downside to taking my Social Security benefits for seven years while I wait for him to start taking his?

Answer: Your early start would reduce the future spousal benefit you’ll be eligible for when your husband applies at age 70, says Mary Beth Franklin, a former Investment News columnist and author of “Maximizing Social Security Benefits.” The early start would not, however, reduce your future survivor benefit should your husband die first.

Spousal and survivor benefits are both based on your husband’s work record, but they’re calculated using different rules.

Spousal benefits can be up to 50% of your husband’s benefit at his full retirement age. If you’re already receiving your own benefit, the spousal “top off” adds an additional amount to your check once your husband applies and you’re eligible for a spousal benefit. The top off amount is calculated by subtracting your benefit at full retirement age (FRA) from 50% of your husband’s benefit at full retirement age.

A simplified example may help show the effect of an early start. Let’s suppose your own retirement benefit would be $1,000 a month at age 67 and your husband’s benefit at his full retirement age would be $3,000. Social Security subtracts your FRA benefit ($1,000) from half of his ($1,500) to determine the “top off” amount ($500). If you apply for your own unreduced benefit at age 67, the top off amount would be added once your husband applies for his benefit and triggers a spousal benefit for you.

If you start early, on the other hand, your own benefit would be permanently reduced. Starting at 62 means you’d receive $700 a month. Once your husband applies and the spousal benefit is triggered, you’d get the additional $500, but now you’d be receiving $1,200 a month instead of $1,500 you would get if you’d waited.

That doesn’t mean you should delay, Franklin notes. The additional cash could make it easier for your husband to put off filing. And, as noted above, an early start on your own benefit wouldn’t affect any future survivor benefit.

While spousal benefits are based on your husband’s benefit at full retirement age, survivor benefits are based on what he actually receives (or what he had earned, if he dies before starting benefits). If your husband waits to file until after his full retirement age, his benefit earns 8% annual delayed retirement credits until his benefit maxes out at age 70. As a survivor, you would be eligible to receive up to 100% of that benefit.

Q&A: Timing matters with estimated tax payments

June 16, 2026 By Liz Weston Leave a Comment

Dear Liz: Your recent column about how to distribute estimated tax payments over the year (equal versus backend loaded) may have missed an important nuance. Your answer regarding the Form 2220 safe harbor is correct and would apply if the taxpayer’s income were retirement fund distributions. As I read the query, however, it’s possible (perhaps likely?) that the year-end distributions are from a taxable brokerage account. In that case, even absent intra-year distributions to the taxpayer, the dividends appearing in the account are deemed constructively received when paid by the portfolio companies into the brokerage account.

I can understand how an IRS agent would simply argue for equal payments. And I similarly understand that a competent accountant would know the safe harbor rules. It’s impossible to know which of them is correct here from the letter as printed.

Answer: My answer relied on guidance from Mark Luscombe, principal analyst for Wolters Kluwer Tax & Accounting, and he says that you have a point.

The original writer stated that they received the majority of their income at the end of the year, and most of it was dividends from their brokerage account. The writer had been told by an IRS agent that estimated tax payments were due throughout the year, while the writer’s accountant contended that wasn’t necessary. The writer didn’t specify whether it was a taxable or retirement account or when the dividends were actually paid into the account.

Luscombe assumed that the dividends were received at the end of the year, but the writer could have meant that dividends were only withdrawn then.

If the account is a qualified retirement brokerage account, it wouldn’t matter when the dividends were paid, only when the withdrawal was made, Luscombe notes. If it’s a taxable account receiving dividends throughout the year, then the IRS agent would be correct that the dividends would be taxable based on when they were received into the account.

Q&A: Should I consider Roth conversions now or after I retire?

June 16, 2026 By Liz Weston 1 Comment

Dear Liz: My husband and I both waited until age 70 to start Social Security. I will be 72 in September and am considering retirement. My husband is retired, 74, and taking required minimum distributions (RMDs). We have always tried to maximize contributions to our pre-tax retirement accounts and are now realizing the downside as we pay taxes on those mandatory withdrawals. Should I consider Roth conversions now or after I retire? I realize I will need to pay taxes on those conversions, but would it be best to do that when my income is lower? I am thinking about my kids and their future.

Answer: Late-in-life Roth conversions can be tricky. The amount you convert is removed from RMD calculations, lowering future tax bills. But the conversion is added to your current taxable income, potentially making more of your Social Security taxable and temporarily raising your Medicare premiums (thanks to income-related monthly adjustment amounts or IRMAA) in addition to generating a big tax bill.

Theoretically, a conversion could still make sense if your current tax rate is lower than the one you’ll have once you start required minimum distributions at 73. The case for conversion is strengthened if you want to pass this money to your kids. They likely would have to empty any inherited retirement account within 10 years, and they could be in their peak earning (and tax-paying) years when they do so. By converting now, you would in effect be paying the tax bill for them, perhaps at a lower rate than they might face, and allowing them to inherit the money tax-free.

A tax pro can help you with the calculations so you’ll understand the financial impact of a conversion. Then you can make an informed decision about whether to proceed.

Q&A: Am I eligible for my ex-husband’s Social Security?

June 8, 2026 By Liz Weston 1 Comment

Dear Liz: My ex-husband and I were married for 10 years. I married again, but am now a widow. I was told I could collect benefits on my prior marriage when my ex-husband passes. But, now that I’m a widow, I am wondering if I’m eligible to collect on my ex-husband’s record, though he is living. I’m currently getting my late husband’s benefit.

Answer: You could be entitled to a divorced spousal benefit based on your ex’s earning’s record. The divorced spousal benefit could be up to half of your ex’s benefit at his full retirement age. You would only collect that amount if it was greater than what you are currently receiving, however. You can call Social Security to check if you’re entitled to a larger benefit.

To recap: Survivor benefits are up to 100% of what the primary worker received at their death, while spousal benefits are up to half of what the (still living) primary worker would receive at full retirement age. Someone who is divorced can be entitled to benefits based on their ex’s’ work records if the marriage lasted at least 10 years.

Q&A: How are IRA withdrawals taxed?

June 8, 2026 By Liz Weston Leave a Comment

Dear Liz: I’m aware that assets held in tax-advantaged accounts, such as an IRA or 401(k), avoid capital gains taxes on the sale of an asset. However, will those capital gains taxes have to be paid later when it is time to withdraw money from those accounts? If yes, can I offset it with any capital losses?

Answer: Traditional retirement accounts such as IRAs or 401(k)s change how investment gains are taxed. You don’t pay tax when investments within the accounts are sold, but withdrawals from the account are typically taxed as ordinary income, not as capital gains. So you won’t have an opportunity to directly offset capital gains with losses as you would with nonretirement accounts.

However, if your losses exceed your gains in your nonretirement accounts, you can use up to $3,000 of capital losses to offset ordinary income each year. Any remaining losses can be carried forward to the next year where it’s rinse and repeat: capital losses offset capital gains, with up to $3,000 of any remaining loss used to offset ordinary income. This goes on until the losses are finally used up.