Ask Liz Weston

Get smart with your money

Q&A

Q&A: Should I close paid-off, high-rate credit cards?

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Dear Liz: I paid off my high-interest credit cards. Should I close the accounts or leave them open? I heard a long time ago that closing the accounts will affect my credit score because less credit is available to me. But I don’t want to use these credit cards anymore because they have a high interest rate.

Answer: A card’s interest rate is irrelevant if you pay off your balances in full each month, which is the best way to use credit cards.

Closing a bunch of your credit cards at once can have a negative impact on your credit scores. That’s why the general advice is to leave cards open if possible, making a small charge once in a while so the issuer doesn’t close them.

If you can’t trust yourself to use the cards responsibly, though, closing them may be the best option. Or you can ask the issuers for a “product change” to a lower interest card.

Q&A: Tuition payments could require filing gift tax return

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Dear Liz: I have been paying college tuition for my grandson: $20,000 per semester for the last three years. He has used the university’s online option to pay the tuition by transferring the money from my bank checking account. Am I entitled to a tax exemption? How should I claim it when I return my tax return?

Answer: There’s no tax exemption or other direct tax break for paying someone’s tuition. If the money went directly from your account to the school, however, you don’t need to file gift tax returns to report your generosity. The tuition gift tax exclusion allows you to pay an unlimited amount of tuition as long as it’s paid directly to a qualified educational institution. A similar exclusion exists for paying medical bills for someone else, as long as the payments go directly to the medical providers.

If the money went from your account to his and then to the school, however, you would be required to report the amounts you gave above each year’s annual gift tax exclusion amount using IRS Form 709. (The exclusion amount was $17,000 in 2023, $18,000 in $2024 and $19,000 in 2025 and 2026.) If that’s the case, contact a tax pro for help in catching up on this paperwork. You won’t owe gift taxes until the amount you give away above those annual limits exceeds your lifetime gift and estate tax exemption amount, which is $15 million in 2026.

Q&A: Should I tap retirement savings for home repairs?

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Dear Liz: We had a plan to make our retirement savings last until our mid- to late 80s. Now we have unanticipated house repairs that could amount to tens of thousands of dollars. Should we draw down our retirement savings and pay the associated taxes at a 22% rate, or take out a home equity loan, or some combination of that? Or are there other ideas?

Answer: Obviously, money that you spend can’t generate future returns to help fund your retirement. Liquidate too much of your nest egg, and you could find yourself short of funds long before your retirement ends.

But loans require paying interest, increasing your living costs and causing you to draw down your retirement funds faster than intended. Which is the better option depends on the details of your situation. A fee-only financial advisor or accredited financial counselor could give you personalized advice.

They will also be able to discuss additional options. A reverse mortgage could allow you to tap your home equity without having to repay the loan until you move out, sell the home or die. Or maybe it’s time to sell the house and move to a lower-maintenance living situation, such as a condo or retirement community. There’s no one-size-fits-all solution, but discussing the possibilities will help you clarify which is the best approach for you.

Q&A: Should I name a representative payee in advance?

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Dear Liz: My question has to do with a bulletin put out by the Social Security Administration last year requiring people with Social Security income to submit the name of a person to be their advanced designation representative. It also said that you need to submit a name for your ADR annually. Many people probably don’t know about this. But can you clarify? Is it just a preliminary or mandatory requirement? If mandatory then what are the consequences if you don’t designate someone?

Answer: When someone is a minor, incapacitated or otherwise unable to manage their own Social Security benefits, the Social Security Administration names a representative payee to handle the funds.

The voluntary Advanced Designation of Representative Payee program allows you to nominate people you trust to perform this role should you become incapacitated. You can choose up to three people as possible representative payees. You can change your nominations at any time and Social Security will ask you to review your choices annually to make sure you’re still comfortable with them (because, as we know, situations and people’s capacities can change over time).

If you do opt into the advanced designation program, your nominees won’t be a shoo-in. Social Security will prioritize your choices, but will still conduct a full evaluation to ensure they can handle the job.

Q&A: “Superfunding” a 529 account requires filing gift tax returns

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Dear Liz: You wrote that people could contribute up to five times the annual gift tax exclusion to a 529 college savings plan without having to file a gift tax return. People can contribute that much without the gift reducing their lifetime gift and estate tax exemption amounts, but they must file annual gift tax returns to report the gift.

Answer: To recap, few people will ever have to pay gift taxes, but gifts over the annual exclusion amount (which is $19,000 in 2026) usually require filing a gift tax return. Gift taxes aren’t owed until the amounts in excess of the annual exclusion total more than the giver’s lifetime gift and estate tax exemption amount (which in 2026 is $15 million).

Generous givers can “superfund” a 529 college savings plan by contributing up to five years’ worth of annual exemption amounts at once. In 2026, that would be $95,000. To keep the gift from counting against your lifetime limit, however, you must file gift tax returns annually to indicate the gift is to be spread over multiple years.

It’s also important to know that any other gifts you make to the same beneficiary during the five-year period will reduce the allowance for 529 gifting. And if the giver dies during the five-year period, some of the gift will be added back into their estate.

There are other rules that apply to superfunding a 529, so anyone considering this option should discuss their situation with a tax pro and likely will want to consult an estate planning attorney as well.

Q&A: Should I convert my IRA to a Roth?

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Dear Liz: I have $160,000 in a 403(b) retirement plan and I’m 70. I know I have to start taking required minimum distributions (RMDs) at age 73. Should I transfer the funds to a Roth IRA or can I start taking the RMD from the 403(b) and leave the remainder to grow?

Answer: You can take your RMDs from the 403(b). Transferring the money to a Roth IRA would be known as a conversion, and that could make the entire amount taxable.

Late-in-life conversions can make sense if future RMDs will push you into a higher tax bracket than you are now, or if you’re willing to pay the tax bill to provide future tax-free income to your heirs. (Roths don’t have RMDs, so the account can be passed intact to your beneficiaries, who will usually have 10 years to drain the account.) Conversions can have other consequences, such as raising Medicare premiums, so a tax pro’s advice should be sought before proceeding.