Dear Liz: My retirement account covers all my expenses, including medical. I also have $60,000 in a health savings account that is invested in a mutual fund. I’m struggling with how to use that. I could use it for all current medical costs, or just for unexpected big ones. Or I could keep the HSA as backup in hopes of leaving it to my heirs. All options seem to have advantages, and I’m stuck. Your thoughts?
Answer: HSAs offer a rare triple tax benefit: Contributions are deductible, the money grows tax deferred and withdrawals can be tax free if there are qualifying medical expenses.
If anyone other than your spouse inherits the HSA, however, it basically stops being an HSA. The account becomes taxable to the beneficiary in the year you die, which means the HSA loses one of its three tax breaks.
Inheriting an account that’s taxable is probably better than no inheritance at all. But generally it’s better to use the HSA yourself or leave it to a spouse and designate other money for heirs.
Trying to figure out the optimum rate of spending this money is obviously tricky. The longer you leave it alone, the more it can grow. But the longer you live without spending it, the greater the risk you’ll die without taking advantage of those tax-free withdrawals.
If you’re reluctant to tap the HSA, give yourself the option of “deathbed drawdown.” By keeping good records, you may be able to empty the account at the last minute and avoid taxes.
As you may know, you don’t have to incur a qualified medical expense in the same year you take an HSA withdrawal for the distribution to be tax free. As long as the expense is incurred after the HSA is established and before you die, it can justify a tax-free withdrawal, as long as the expense wasn’t reimbursed — paid by insurance or used for a previous HSA withdrawal. So keep careful records of all the medical expenses that you pay out of pocket. If you get a bad diagnosis or your health starts to deteriorate, you can use those receipts to justify a tax-free withdrawal.
Liz,
You did a nice job of explaining HSA’s in a small space. However you should point out to your readers that HSA are subject to state taxes in California, Alabama, and New Jersey. Conversely, flexible spending accounts, or FSA, taxes are waived. Not to suggest that an FSA is better than an HSA, but in certain situations can be more useful. And of course you can have both in some states depending on your company. The FSA then becomes a limited purpose FSA and can be used only for vision and dental expenses.