Ask Liz Weston

Get smart with your money

Q&A

Q&A: Inherited IRAs bring a tax bite

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Dear Liz: I have an IRA worth over $1 million and am taking required minimum distributions. When my kids inherit this, can they take it all out with no tax issues because it is an inheritance? Or will they have to take required minimum withdrawals when they are old enough?

Answer: Retirement accounts don’t get the favorable step-up in tax basis that other assets typically get when someone dies. Your children will pay income tax on any withdrawals from an inherited IRA and most likely will have to drain the account within 10 years.

In the past, IRA beneficiaries other than a spouse had to start taking required minimum distributions after the account owner’s death. They couldn’t put off required minimum distributions until their 70s, but they could base the distribution amounts on their own life expectancies. The so-called “stretch IRA” let most of the assets continue to grow tax deferred.

But the stretch IRA was eliminated for most beneficiaries by the SECURE Act, which Congress passed in December 2019. The reasoning was that retirement accounts were meant to support the original account owner in retirement, not to provide tax-deferred benefits to their heirs. There are certain exceptions for beneficiaries who are surviving spouses, minors, disabled, chronically ill, or within 10 years of the age of the original account holder.

Q&A: Social Security death benefits

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Dear Liz: My wife was 69 at the time of her passing. She was still working and was not collecting Social Security. I am 72, retired and collecting Social Security. When I spoke with Social Security, I was told that I cannot collect on my wife’s work history. All I qualify for is a $255 death benefit. I asked what happened to her money collected all these years. I was told it goes into a general fund. Is there anything I can get from my wife’s Social Security?

Answer: If your current benefit was larger than the one your spouse had earned before her untimely death, then you were given the correct answer: a $255 death benefit.

People sometimes mistakenly believe that surviving spouse benefits are something they can get in addition to their own benefit. But when one member of a couple dies, the survivor gets only the larger of the two checks the couple was previously receiving.

The taxes we pay into Social Security don’t go into retirement accounts with our names on them — the money goes instead to pay benefits to current retirees. There’s no guarantee that what you get out will be proportionate to what you contributed. Most people will get more from the system than they paid in, but some will get less and some, unfortunately, get nothing.

Q&A: IRS and selling a home

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Dear Liz: How does the IRS know you sold your house? If you sell and buy another home, must you report it? Most folks I know sell, then buy a more expensive house. Seems like lots of moving parts for the parties, including the IRS, to have to track.

Answer: Not really. The title company or attorney handling the closing on a property sale typically generates a Form 1099 with the sales price of the home. The seller gets a copy and so does the IRS. Sellers who “forget” to account for the proceeds on their tax returns will soon get a reminder from the IRS, which typically just tacks the sale amount onto the sellers’ income and demands its cut, along with penalties and interest.

Q&A: The Ins and Outs of Trusts

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Dear Liz: I liked your answer to the person who wanted to ensure a son from a prior marriage got an inheritance. You mentioned creating a trust so the surviving spouse can get income from the assets but then the son would inherit when that spouse dies. However, what’s to prevent the surviving spouse from using up all the funds so that the son is left with nothing after all?

Answer: These trusts typically put restrictions on how much the surviving spouse would be able to access and in what circumstances. If the surviving spouse is the sole trustee, of course, the temptation to ignore the rules could be great. Alternatively, the ultimate inheritor or a third party can be named as trustee or co-trustee.

But there’s no getting around the fact that the trusts create a conflict between the survivor and the ultimate inheritor. The survivor typically wants as much income as possible from the trust while the inheritor wants the trust to be left alone to grow.

Another issue is taxes. Assets in the trust will get a step-up in tax basis when the first spouse dies, but not when the surviving spouse dies.

Often, the best way to make sure someone gets an inheritance is to make an outright bequest rather than putting the money in a trust. If a surviving spouse needs income from the assets to make ends meet, though, a trust with a responsible trustee can help ensure the ultimate inheritor gets the inheritance that was intended.

An experienced estate planning attorney can help you sort through the available options and make the best plan for your loved ones.

Q&A: How to get out from under a crushing reverse-mortgage debt

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Dear Liz: Our elderly father took out a reverse mortgage in 2010 with the goal of getting a $1,000 monthly income stream. Fast forward to today: Dad has passed away, and our mom is still alive at 97. The payback amount of the mortgage has ballooned to $360,000. Because it’s an adjustable rate mortgage, the rate is increasing with the inflation rate. We’re being told that this is all legal, but it seems like usury to me. None of us children have enough cash to pay off the reverse mortgage, so it will continue to go up stratospherically each and every month. The entire balance will become due if she leaves her home or passes away. Do you have any suggestions?

Answer: Reverse mortgages allow borrowers to tap their equity without having to make payments while they remain in the home. But the amounts they borrow accrue interest and, as you’ve seen, the debt can grow substantially over time.

If your mother dies or moves out, the lender will demand payment within 30 days. It may be possible to extend the deadline for up to six months, according to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. If you don’t have the cash to pay off the loan, you could try to get a mortgage or to sell the home to pay the debt. If you sell it, you would need to clear enough to pay off the debt or at least get 95% of the home’s appraised value. Another option — especially if there’s little or no equity left — is to simply turn the house over to the lender. You won’t be on the hook if the mortgage balance exceeds what the home is worth.

Q&A: Taxes on home sales

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Dear Liz: I thought that if you occupied a home as your principal residence for two of the last five years that you could exclude capital gains of up to $250,000 if single or $500,000 if married. Someone recently told me that this has been changed to a pro-rata calculation.

Answer: That someone was wrong. The pro-rata calculation applies to people who have not owned and lived in the home for at least two years but who meet other criteria for a partial exemption. The percentage of gains you can exclude from your income is based on the percentage of the two-year requirement you fulfilled.

Let’s say you had to sell the home after a year because your place of employment changed to one at least 50 miles away. You could exclude capital gains of up to 50% of the exemption amount — $125,000 if single or $250,000 if married — from your income.