Ask Liz Weston

Get smart with your money

Q&A

Q&A: Beware of transferring a home’s title before death

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Dear Liz: I am in my late 70s. My husband is in his mid 80s and in poor health. Are there advantages to transferring the title to our house into my name alone so I can be the sole owner?

Answer: Owning the house solo could make it easier for you to sell or refinance without your husband’s involvement.

But you would miss out on a significant tax break. At least one half of the property — and both halves in community property states — get a new value for tax purposes when a spouse dies. This “step up” in tax basis can reduce or eliminate capital gains taxes when the house is sold.

There could be additional drawbacks, depending on where you live and your circumstances. A tax pro or an estate planning attorney can give you personalized advice.

Q&A: Grandparent’s generosity could affect financial aid

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Dear Liz: You wrote in a recent column that grandparents could pay tuition directly to a school, and it would not trigger a gift tax return. That’s true, but my daughters have told me — and two private, expensive, and not excessively generous universities have verified — that my paying $20,000 in tuition would decrease my grandchildren’s financial aid package by $10,000 to $20,000. I would appreciate your comments.

Answer: How about, “No good deed goes unpunished — at least at private, expensive and not excessively generous universities?”

The vast majority of colleges use the Free Application for Federal Student Aid or FAFSA to determine financial need. The FAFSA was revised a few years ago so that it no longer counts cash gifts from grandparents or other non-custodial relatives. The same is true for withdrawals from 529 college savings plans owned by non-custodial relatives. Before the change, such gifts and withdrawals would be counted as untaxed student income, which had a huge negative effect on financial aid. Now, the money has no impact at all — except at schools that haven’t adopted these changes.

About 200 private colleges and universities use an additional tool, the College Scholarship Service (CSS) Profile, which can still factor in help from grandparents and other relatives. Typically, though, the maximum reduction would be 50%, not dollar for dollar.

Q&A: How are you taxed if you work abroad?

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Dear Liz: It has become difficult to find good employment in my field. I’ve been able to find several openings that sound exactly like what I want outside the U.S. If I successfully apply for a position in a foreign country, it could mean paying income taxes into both the U.S. system and the foreign country. Not being a citizen of that country may also limit possible future employment opportunities. Once employed and resident in that county for the required time, I could apply for citizenship and pay the fee to renounce U.S. citizenship.

Obviously, this step would come with significant financial implications, including no longer being able to receive Social Security (into which I have paid during my U.S. employment). My banking and investment accounts would have to be completely rearranged as well. Obviously, a large number of people emigrate and change their citizenship every year, but how does one navigate all this financially?

Answer: You’ve come to some interesting but likely erroneous conclusions about working abroad.

Let’s start with taxes. The U.S. tax code has a few provisions designed to help people working abroad avoid double taxation, including the foreign earned income exclusion (which is up to $132,900 in 2026) and the foreign tax credit. You will still be required to file annual tax returns with the IRS reporting your worldwide income, but much if not all of your earnings abroad could avoid U.S. taxes.

Next, let’s discuss citizenship. About half the countries in the world, including the U.S., allow dual citizenship. If the country where you want to work does not, and you decide to renounce your U.S. citizenship, you still have a right to the Social Security benefits you’ve earned in America.

Keep in mind, though, that renunciation is considered permanent. If you changed your mind later, you would have to try to get a U.S. visa and go through all the steps to be naturalized, which can be a long process.

As far as your financial accounts, they can stay as they are as long as you maintain U.S. citizenship. You’ll likely need to set up bank and perhaps other financial accounts in the new country as well. Consider reading “Borderless Living: How to Create Freedom and Financial Security for Americans Abroad” by financial planner Brian Dunhill.

Q&A: What can be done with unused 529 funds?

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Dear Liz: My parents set up 529 college savings accounts for my niece and nephew. The accounts are now quite substantial. My nephew chose to go to community college for his freshman year, and seems to be leaning toward not continuing in college. If he chooses to go to a trade school instead of college, can the 529 funds be used for that? Or, if he decides not to pursue either college or trade school, what becomes of those funds in his 529 account? Can they be transferred to his sister (who may not need it due to the large amount in her own account)? Is there any ability for my parents to recoup the money? What are the available options?

Answer: College savings accounts can be used at any eligible post-secondary institution, including most trade and vocational schools. In addition, up to $35,000 of unused 529 funds can be rolled tax- and penalty-free into a Roth IRA for your nephew, subject to various rules. If your nephew had student loans, up to $10,000 could be used to pay those, as well.

Your parents have many other options for unused funds. They can change the beneficiary to your niece, or any other eligible family member (which can include the original beneficiary’s spouse, children, siblings, nieces, nephews, cousins, in-laws, or parents). In addition to college expenses, 529 withdrawals can pay for up to $10,000 in annual expenses for tuition at elementary and secondary schools.

Account owners can even change the beneficiary to themselves, although they would need to incur expenses at an eligible institution to get tax-free withdrawals.

Finally, your parents could simply withdraw the money and owe income tax on the earnings plus a 10% federal penalty.

That should probably be a last resort, though. Since there’s no deadline to use the money, it can be left alone to grow for the future. Your nephew may want more education later, or your niece’s education could be more expensive than expected. Even if they don’t use the money, either or both of them may someday have kids who could use the money for their schooling.

Q&A: Should I take a bridge loan to build an ADU?

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Dear Liz: We live in a high fire risk area and feel it is too risky to keep our home. Our daughter and her husband invited us to build an accessory dwelling unit on their property. With the tariffs, it is estimated the construction will cost about $600,000. We have a nest egg of about $1.3 million and could sell our current home for about $1 million (we still owe $235,000 on the mortgage).

Our advisor at the bank has recommended a “bridge loan” to pay for the construction, or we could use the money from the sale of our home and our savings, which makes us nervous. I know we need advice but are unsure where to turn.

Answer: You aren’t really facing a choice between financing the ADU and using your own resources. You’ll pay for it either way.

Bridge loans are short-term financing that typically must be repaid within a year, at most. Presumably, you would use your nest egg and/or your home sale to do that.

Another financing alternative would be a home equity line of credit or home equity loan, using your current home as collateral. The interest rate would be somewhat lower, and you wouldn’t be under the same time pressure to pay off the loan in case construction takes longer than expected. Still, the loan would need to be paid back, so the debt will reduce your resources.

If you were building or buying a replacement home, you could get a mortgage to pay off the bridge loan. But in this case you are probably pouring money into someone else’s property. Your daughter and her husband likely would own the structure that you build.

That’s not to say this is a bad idea — far from it. ADUs can help bring families closer and make caregiving easier, while allowing each generation some privacy. But understanding how this works — who pays and how, who benefits and how — can help with decision-making.

So yes, you need advice, and lots of it. You should be talking to a lawyer, a tax pro and a financial advisor who is a fiduciary (someone who is obligated to put your best interests first).

The lawyer can discuss ways to protect your investment in the ADU. The tax pro can advise you about the various tax consequences, including the likely bills for tapping your nest egg and selling your home.

A fee-only financial planner can discuss the options with you to figure out the best course. If you don’t already have an attorney and a tax pro, the planner can give you referrals.

Q&A: Free service can help taxpayers file overdue returns

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Dear Liz: I am 85, and my husband is 87. We are both retired. He has not paid our income tax for three to five years. I have given up trying to get him to do it. I know it’s partly my fault, as I should have taken more responsibility. What should I do? Whom should I call?

Answer: Presumably, when you write that your husband has failed to pay your taxes, you also mean he’s failed to file your returns. Failing to file actually incurs much larger penalties than failing to pay, but either way, your tax debt is likely to have grown over the years due to inaction.

Some good news: AARP Foundation Tax-Aide offers free help with tax returns, including catching up on prior year filings. Tax-Aide is designed to benefit low-to-moderate income people, particularly those 50 and older, but anyone can use its service unless their returns are particularly complex. You can find the various preparation options in your area using the locator tool at https://www.aarp.org/money/taxes/aarp-taxaide/locations/.

Another option is to ask friends and family for a referral to tax professionals they trust. You can use the IRS Directory of Federal Tax Return Preparers to verify credentials.

Recognizing and coping with cognitive changes can be terribly difficult. Your husband may have been too proud to say that he’s no longer capable of this chore. But as you noted, taxes are typically a joint responsibility and now it’s your turn to step up and get the help you both need.