Ask Liz Weston

Get smart with your money

Investing

Q&A: Transferring bonds after a spouse dies

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Dear Liz: In 2001 I bought $50,000 worth of I Bonds. Half of them were in my name with my wife as beneficiary; the other half were in her name with me as beneficiary. She died two years ago but I do not want to cash her bonds in. How do I get them in my name without selling and repurchasing?

Answer: You can have the bonds reissued in your name alone because you were named as the beneficiary. The reissued bonds will be in electronic form, so if you haven’t already, you’ll need to create an account with TreasuryDirect, which is operated by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. If you have questions, you can reach the site’s call center at (844) 284-2676 from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Eastern time Monday through Friday.

Q&A: What happens to your HSA money when you die?

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Dear Liz: What designation or instructions should I make for assets (if any) which remain in my health savings account at the time of my death? Do any remaining funds go directly to my estate or am I allowed to name a beneficiary for this money? If “yes” to the beneficiary question, is the beneficiary subject to the same 10-year payout requirement that applies to most other retirement account beneficiaries? I assume that if the funds go to my estate, the estate would pay tax on the funds given I’ve never paid tax on that money.

Answer: Yes, you can name beneficiaries for health savings accounts. But the tax advantages of these plans often disappear at death.

HSAs, which are paired with high deductible health insurance plans, are known for their rare triple tax benefit. Contributions are tax-deductible and balances can grow tax-deferred, while withdrawals for qualifying medical expenses can be tax free. HSAs don’t have the “use it or lose it” clause that applies to flexible spending accounts; balances can be rolled over from year to year and invested for growth.

What’s more, the withdrawals needn’t happen in the same year you incur the medical costs. As long as you keep good records of unreimbursed medical expenses, you can use them to justify tax-free withdrawals years or even decades in the future.

As a result, many people who can afford to pay medical expenses with other funds use their HSAs as a kind of supplemental retirement fund. There are no required minimum withdrawals, and it can be tempting to leave balances in an HSA as long as possible.

If you’re married and name your spouse as your beneficiary, that may not be a problem. Spouses who inherit HSAs can opt to treat the account as their own, which means they can make tax-free withdrawals to pay for qualified medical expenses.

Other beneficiaries, though, will be required to empty the accounts and pay income tax on the withdrawals. These withdrawals won’t be penalized, but they also can’t be delayed. By contrast, non-spouse beneficiaries typically have 10 years to empty most inherited retirement plan accounts.

If you don’t name a beneficiary, any remaining funds in the account will be paid to your estate and taxed on your final income tax return.

Q&A: Watch out for probate triggers

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Dear Liz: My wife and I have a living trust that includes most of our assets. We have two bank accounts that are not in the trust totaling $130,000. Will these accounts be subject to probate? If it matters, she is in memory care and I handle all finances. Our executor son is a signer on one bank account to have ready access to cover final expenses in case I predecease my wife.

Answer: As you know, living trusts are designed to avoid probate, the court process that otherwise follows death to distribute someone’s estate. In some states, including California, probate can be expensive, prolonged and often worth avoiding. Assets typically must be titled in the name of the living trust or have a designated beneficiary to avoid probate. There are some exceptions, but you’d be smart to consult an estate planning attorney to make sure you don’t inadvertently trigger the probate you’re trying to avoid.

Q&A: So you’ve got a friend spewing investment advice from social media. Here are some grains of salt

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Dear Liz: I am in my early 60s and have a friend the same age who keeps telling me to invest in companies which she has found from looking at YouTube videos. She says that she picks stocks by seeing which companies are repeated over and over again in different videos. She claims she is making a 400% return. She tells me I am losing money by investing in safer products, such as certificates of deposit. First of all, is this a good idea to invest everything in stocks, when one is in their mid-60s to 70s, when retirement is on the horizon? Also, neither she nor I are working full time at the moment, so, the risk is great if the market goes up and down and the value of a portfolio changes. I’ve seen my retirement funds drop the last few years, even though they are ever so slowly creeping back up. Finally, what is your opinion on getting financial advice or stock picks from social media platforms?

Answer: Perhaps your friend is the next Warren Buffett. More likely she’s exaggerating her results or simply hasn’t dealt with a down market yet. Few investors can consistently produce outsize returns over time, especially when they’re essentially picking stocks at random.

In answer to your first question: It’s rarely smart to invest everything in any one thing, whether it’s stocks, bonds, real estate, certificates of deposit or alpaca farms. Diversification helps investors reduce risk. If one type of investment is performing poorly, another may be doing better.

Having some money in “safe” investments may be prudent, but you’re typically losing ground to inflation with low-return CDs or Treasurys. Most people will need to have at least some portion of their portfolios in stocks, before and after retirement, if they want to outpace inflation.

Q&A: How to dump your broker and invest your own money

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Dear Liz: I have a mutual fund and a Roth IRA that are actively managed by a broker. The accounts have not done well. I would like to withdraw them from the broker and reinvest them on my own. How do I safely and securely withdraw them from the broker? What paperwork and fees should I expect?

Answer: Look through your records to find the agreement you signed with the brokerage when these accounts were opened. The agreement may include the steps for closing the account along with any fees. You also could try searching for the name of the brokerage and “account closure fees” to see what, if anything, you might owe.

The brokerage may give you the option to manage the account on your own, or you may want to set up accounts at a new, less expensive discount brokerage. Once the accounts have been opened, your new brokerage will help with the transfers. If any of your money is invested in “proprietary funds” — that is, investments offered only at the old brokerage — those investments probably would have to be sold first. Such a sale wouldn’t incur any tax consequences with your Roth IRA. If your mutual fund is proprietary, though, its sale may incur capital gains taxes.

Q&A: Tax consequences of annuity conversion

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Dear Liz: Several years ago my wife inherited an IRA when her mother died. Her banker suggested rolling the IRA into an annuity with an insurance company. That company is difficult to deal with and not forthcoming about how the annuity is invested. She wants to convert the IRA into a certificate of deposit so it is insured by the FDIC. What are the tax consequences of doing that?

Answer: There are many different types of annuities. If your wife purchased an immediate annuity, which offers a stream of payments in return for a lump sum, then she probably can’t change her mind since those transactions are effectively irreversible.

If she purchased a deferred annuity, though, she has more options. Deferred annuities allow people to defer the stream of payments until later — often years or even decades in the future. In the meantime, the annuity may pay a fixed rate, a variable rate based on the performance of underlying investments, or an indexed rate based on a market benchmark.

Your wife won’t face taxes if she switches from a deferred annuity to a CD, since changing investments within an IRA isn’t considered a taxable event. The annuity itself may have surrender charges, however. Because annuities often pay advisors substantial commissions, surrender charges help discourage investors from withdrawing the money before insurers can recoup those fees.

These charges and high expenses in general make deferred annuities a poor fit for many investors, and many financial planners especially dislike seeing them in IRAs. A deferred annuity’s primary advantage is tax deferral, which an IRA already offers.

If your wife feels she was misled about this investment, she can make a complaint with her state insurance regulator.